Sustainable building Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Economical structure - Assignment Example Focal point of conversation in this paper is economical structure as the one that has higher vitality effectiveness, doesn't or less creates or less contribute in delivering the green house gases emanations and the structure that makes no weight to the nature and condition. The development of such a structure is for all intents and purposes conceivable by rolling out littler improvements to the manner in which we live and build our homes. Economical structure used the supportable materials that are sustainable. Also a structure that uses less assets and uses the reasonable assets like sunlight based, wind, geothermal, and so forth to give the vitality request and gives an ecological security, is an economical structure. Be that as it may, different highlights like creating less waste, building life time, uses and delivers non-harmful or less poisonous materials, sturdiness towards the brutal barometrical effects, usage of the common assets, utilization of recyclable materials, utiliz ation of inexhaustible materials, utilization of strong materials and use of the innovation makes the development a green development. For instance, the usage of the characteristic ventilation and geothermal cooling can be used in the structure to cause the structure to be in an alluring temperature, which unquestionably diminishes the cooling cost and vitality. Correspondingly, the use of the greater glass windows causes the structure to edify in the daytime, which diminishes the necessity of the fake helping in the structure and lessens the carbon impressions of the structure. Similarly, the use of the inactive sun powered development makes the structure cooler in summer and hotter in the winter. The use of the on location water treatment plants diminishes the water impressions of the structure. Some basic strategies like creation the spigots and showers heads to blend the air in with the water, diminishes the progression of water however the weight continues as before consequentl y lessening the water impressions. The usage of the most present day methods like using the sunlight based photovoltaic boards and using the breeze turbine to satisfy or diminish the vitality necessity of the structure can make the structure more situations benevolent and contribute much in decreasing the carbon impressions. In the comparative manner sun oriented water warming can be used to accomplish the warm water and furthermore make the structure warm throughout the winter season. Some different techniques like developing plants on the housetops of the structure additionally diminish the cooling and warming vitality prerequisite of the structure. The vegetation on the housetops obstructs the immediate daylight and keeps up the temperature of the structure. This procedure is used by a few structures like the ‘California Academy of Science’, which is planned by ‘Renzo Piano’. Assuming a few or the entirety of the maintainable strategy are used in a devel opment, the structure will be a reasonable structure. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) LEED is an affirmation that ensures a structure to be a green or supportable structure or not. LEED affirmation confirms the green strategies used in the structure like the carbon outflow of the structure, nature of the leave, creation of the squanderer, vitality effectiveness, vitality reliance, vitality the board, squander the executives and social and ecological parts of the structure (USGBC 2011). LEED accreditation has diverse rating LEED System LEED rating makes the LEED framework. A structure is appraised based on focuses that the structure gets in the wake of assessing what strategies are utilized in the development of the structure, how is the vitality overseen and used in the structure and if the structure presents a practical engineering or not. Focuses are given from an aggregate of 100 focuses. On the off chance that the structure gets 40 to 49 focuses, the structu re is LEED ensured. On the off chance that it stays in the middle of 50 to 59, it gets the silver status. On the off chance that the structure is evaluated in the middle of 59 to 80, it gets a gold status and it the structure rates more than 80; it gets the platinum status (USGBC 2010).

Poetry appreciation of Death of a naturalist Essay -- English Literatu

Verse energy about Death of a naturalist This sonnet ‘Death of a Naturalist’ via Seamus Heaney is about the lifecycle of frogs and a child’s enthusiasm for nature. As the kid grows up he looses enthusiasm for all parts of nature. It is as though ‘Death of a Naturalist’ was alluding to the loss of guiltlessness of the kid and the affection for nature he once had passed on inside him. Not just that, he currently has regard for nature yet not really detesting it; nor cherishing it either. The air of the primary verse is very positive. An expression, for example, ‘There were monster flies, spotted butterflies,’ recommends a cheerful state of mind furthermore, alludes to lovely recollections to Heaney as a kid. Word usage, for example, the ‘warm thick slobber’ shows to me the kid similarity topic of this sonnet. Which demonstrates that it is from an adult’s viewpoint looking back at his youth. Heaney has done this by utilizing the ‘child-like’ jargon just as a progressively intricate and develop tone to the sonnet. He has done this with the goal that we as the peruser can perceive the distinction of the interest of a youngster and a less complex clarification of things from an grown-up. For instance as the principal verse attracts to a nearby we discover that by frogs we can tell the climate ‘For they were yellow in the sun and earthy colored/in rain.’ This is the common kid discovering some new information in school, and afterward accepting they know everything. From that I get the picture of the youngster telling its mom ‘mum did you know†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Where as a grown-up would excuse it as only a reality. Continuously verse the sonnet takes a fairly dim turn. All the inspiration in the main verse has been supplanted with a vile and horrible tone. The start of the refrain ‘ Then one hot day†¦fields were rank’ recommends the sensational change in ... ...ts changed and I understood that the sonnet was not about frogs. It was a instance of figuring out the real story. Heaney’s generally speaking message interested me and asked me to dive more into the subject of ‘loss of innocence’. Which set me on a line of reasoning. One thing specifically that made the sonnet progressively agreeable for myself was Heaney’s energy for style. The manner by which he focuses on the likeness in sound in the sonnet is very successful. As I had not recently perused some other of Heaney’s sonnets this quickly drew my consideration. Something else I loved was the pictures he made in my psyche. One of those pictures were (in the second verse); a combat zone where the kid is on one side and the frogs are his resistance and the frogs are attacking the land-like a war situation. Along these lines I would energetically suggest this artist basically for Heaney’s interesting style of composing.

How to Ease Withdrawal Insomnia During Recovery

How to Ease Withdrawal Insomnia During Recovery Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print How to Ease Withdrawal Insomnia During Recovery Improving Your Sleep Is Important in Overcoming Addiction By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 01, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 17, 2019 Vladimir Godnik / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Trouble sleeping is a common withdrawal symptom for people who are addicted to drugs and alcohol. This can be troubling and lead to increased anxiety. While withdrawal insomnia is common, there are ways that you can deal with it and try to get a better nights sleep. How Addiction and Recovery Affects Sleep Sleep problems can occur with any type of addiction and is a common withdrawal symptom for people who are recovering from overuse of alcohol, cannabis, opioids, sedatives, anxiety medications and stimulants.?? Because every person and every addiction are different, the degree that you may have problems getting to sleep or staying asleep will vary. People recovering from addictions may not return to normal sleep patterns for six months or longer. However, the initial few days of withdrawal can be particularly troubling. Also, sleep deprivation only makes the experience more uncomfortable.?? This is because your body is out of its normal rhythm. The time you spent using drugs or drinking excessively has changed the way your body works and sleeping patterns are commonly affected. During recovery, your body is changing once again and trying to get used to being free of the substance. It is only natural that your sleep patterns will be disrupted again. Ways to Ease Withdrawal Insomnia The good news is that for most people, withdrawal insomnia is only temporary. It is one of the side effects of cleaning out your body and returning to a normal life.   The more disciplined you are in following  guidelines for good sleep hygiene, the quicker your withdrawal insomnia will disappear. Over time, your sleep patterns will return to normal and, quite often, the simplest things you can do are the best. Establish sleep rituals. Much of recovery is about replacing bad habits with healthy ones. When it comes to sleep, you can try to go to bed and wake up at the same times or wind down with quiet activities like reading before bed. Anything that will calm and relax you before trying to sleep will help.??Re-establish your circadian rhythms.  Addiction can be difficult on your natural sleep cycle and your body may have become accustomed to staying up most of the night. One way to counteract that is to expose  your eyesâ€"without sunglassesâ€"to the outdoor daylight early in the day.??  Do not look directly at the sun.  Try the natural approach first.  Drink a warm cup of soothing, caffeine-free tea before bed, try meditation, and stay active during the day.?? These are just a few natural approaches you can take to improving your sleep. As someone with an addiction, its advised to try these strategies first. Stick with it and combine methods if needed. Its likely youll find better sleep soon. The Precautions of Sleep Medications Addictions can lead to other addictive behavior. It is most important that you try and avoid things that have the potential to become a substitute for your drug of choice. This is particularly true in the early stages when youre going through withdrawal and youre most tempted to find fast relief. Try to avoid self-medicating with other drugs while you are going through withdrawal. This includes  over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aids, marijuana, and alcohol. Talk to your physician about whether short-term use of prescribed medications may help you sleep for the first few days. Some medications are also helpful in easing other withdrawal symptoms. These are very specific to the drug you are withdrawing from as well as the drug you are prescribed.?? Follow your physicians instructions to the letter. Under no circumstances should you take more than prescribed, or for longer than prescribed. You may become ill or simply develop a substitute addiction. Why Good Sleep Is Key to Recovery Establishing good sleep habitsâ€"as difficult as that may beâ€"early in your recovery can increase your chances of avoiding a relapse.?? You will hear this advice from former addicts, recovering alcoholics, and, most likely, your doctors and counselors as well. A study of cocaine-addicted rats published in 2015 showed that sleep abnormalities increased the chances of relapse. Those animals that were able to have fewer interruptions and sleep longer were less likely to exhibit cravings for cocaine. While findings from animal studies often dont correspond with possible human findings, the researchers speculate that the same association, even long after the withdrawal period, supports sleep-based therapies for people with cocaine addiction.?? This is a very reasonable hypothesis because sleep is one of the keys to a healthy body. That is, after all, one of the goals for overcoming addiction. While it may seem impossible at the moment, whatever you can do to get a decent amount of sleep can help in your long-term recovery.?

Achieving A Successful Knowledge Transfer In Strategic Alliances - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4913 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Knowledge was closely investigated by academic researchers for the last few decades. It is nowadays considered as one of the most important strategic assets (Winter, 1987) that contribute to the competitive advantage of the firms (Kogut and Zander, 1992); this perspective is associated with the knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"based view (Grant, 1996). Resulting from that numerous studies exist about knowledge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Achieving A Successful Knowledge Transfer In Strategic Alliances" essay for you Create order As Winter (1987) suggests, knowledge can be created, stored and transmitted (transferred), exploited and the ability to success in these activities represents the essence of the firm. Different studies consider these various stages. However, the process of transfer is very interesting to reflect on because it is precisely knowledge transfer that has been established by several academics as having a major impact on performance (Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; Osterloh and Frey 2000). Some literature analyzes the process of knowledge transfer itself (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Dell and Grayson, 1998; Szulanski, 2000), and its determinants (Grant and Baden- Fuller, 2000), other its boundaries (Szulanski, 1996; Salk, 1996; Hennart et al. 1999; Dyer and Hatch, 2006; Heiman and Nickerson, 2004). Together the authors try to shed light on the stages of knowledge transfer and factors that can positively or negatively contribute to it. Despite the abundance of studies, some researchers like Wagner (2005) call for the investigation of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“soft issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? such as absorptive capacity and culture in successful knowledge sharing. Moreover, different researchers (Inkpen, 2000; Mowery et al. 1996), studied knowledge in the context of a strategic alliance. Some studies convey the idea that this might be the most appropriate form of collaboration in order to share (transfer) knowledge because of several advantages (Grant and Baden-Fuller, 2004). Other academics, as Simonin (1999), define difficulties that alliances face in the process of knowledge transfer. Therefore it might be useful to combine these ideas and see what makes alliances being so unique and how knowledge can be transferred in these structures. This literature review is meant to integrate various studies to make a clear picture of what makes the transfer of knowledge successful in-between partners of strategic alliance by reviewing determinants of knowledge transfer, particularities of alliances and possible strategies to follow in order to achieve the transfer. Problem statement The problem indication brings us to delimitate the following area of research: Successful knowledge transfer in a strategic alliance Research Questions Since knowledge becomes an essential asset, and its manipulation might have strong impact on the wellbeing and performance of the firm, it is interesting to investigate the knowledge transfer. Our inquiry will be done by first looking at what is knowledge and its different kinds. Then the models of knowledge transfer (in general) will be considered to see how knowledge is shared, finishing with the factors that can impact positively or negatively (barriers) on this process, this includes the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“soft issuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? sited previously. Research question 1: What are the key determinants in the process of knowledge transfer? Strategic alliances are often used by firms to transfer knowledge. Several studies might convey the idea that alliances is the most appropriate form of cooperation in order to transfer knowledge, that is why in the second research question we are going to discuss characteristics and particularities of alliances that contribute to build a solid ground for knowledge transfer. Research question 2: What characteristics and particularities of the strategic alliance might shape the process of knowledge transfer in this form of cooperation? Perhaps the most practical issue for organizations involved in the process of knowledge transfer within a strategic alliance is the one that deals with practices to implement and strategies to follow for both partners. Therefore the third research question will deal with possible behavior and ways of doing that can facilitate the knowledge transfer within a strategic alliance. Research question3: What strategies and behavior could the parties of the strategic alliance adopt  (implement) to enhance the transfer of knowledge and cope with the difficulties alliance might face? Research methods This is a descriptive research that will be done in the form of literature review. The data sources are the existing academic literature in the field of management, strategy and organization science. The literature includes top journals such as Journal of Management Studies, Strategic Management Journal, Knowledge and Process Management, Academy of Management Journal Structure of the thesis In the second chapter the investigation will be done in order to gain knowledge of what could be the determinants of the knowledge transfer in general (without considering the context of the strategic alliances). To do this, first of all, knowledge and its different kinds have to be defined. Following that the review of the literature about the process of knowledge transfer itself will be made. Chapter 2 will end with the review of possible factors that can affect the process by whether contributing to its success or by creating barriers to it. In the third chapter we are going to take a closer look on the strategic alliances. Following the definition, the discussion will pursue in order to understand why certain researchers think that strategic alliances are the most appropriate form of collaboration between firms for the process of knowledge transfer. Moreover, in this chapter we are going to look if certain characteristics of the alliance can ameliorate the transfer (i.e. firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s similarities, orientation, strategy, resources). The last research question will be answered in the fourth chapter by examining the possible strategies and behaviors that companies involved in the alliance could undertake to enable a successful knowledge transfer, while they might face several challenges. At the end, conclusions will summarize this literature review bringing up possible questions for future discussion and useful recommendations about knowledge transfer within a strategic alliance. Chapter 2: The determinants in the process of knowledge transfer 1/ What is knowledge In general knowledge is considered to be gained by observation, study and experiences. It is the mixture of values, context information, expert insight (Davenport and Prusak, 1998) that resides within the person. It can be accumulated and subjected to improvements unlimited number of times. It is difficult to distinguish knowledge in itself from data and from information. Knowledge is neither of these two. Data results from transactions and information is derived from data. Fransman (1998) clearly underlines the fact that knowledge is indeed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“processed informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In this sense it is also possible to say that knowledge is socially constructed (Pentland 1995): individuals produce knowledge by processing information through their intellect. They act on knowledge by their actions and going through experiences, meanwhile their perspectives and insights change creating the opportunity to proceed differently in new situations, when new sets of information are available (Quinn et al. 1998; Weick 1995). 2/ Types of knowledge Another approach to introduce knowledge would be to state its different kinds: tacit and explicit. The observation of the existence of the explicit knowledge goes back to Polanyi (1966). Later the number of terms used were substantially enlarged to: formal, verbal knowledge (Corsini, 1987), declarative knowledge (Kogut and Zander, 1992), theoretical kind of knowledge (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995), articulated or articulable knowledge (Hedlund, 1994; Winter, 1987), a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"know-whyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ knowledge (Sanchez 1997). To Polanyi (1966) explicit knowledge is easily subjected to codification in a formal language (can be stated or written down). Winter (1987, p. 171) agrees on that definition by saying that this type of knowledge can à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"be communicated from its possessor to another person in symbolic form and the recipient of the communication becomes as much à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“in the knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as the originatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Sobol and Lei (1994) identified two ways in which one can think about explicit knowledge. The first one in terms of communicability: it is easily written down, encoded, explained, or understoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Sobol and Lei, 1994, p. 170). Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also possible to think about this kind of knowledge in terms of possession: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"such knowledge is not specific or idiosyncratic to the firm or person possessing ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (p. 170). Perhaps for this research the most interesting type of knowledge is the tacit knowledge because it is the one that largely contributes to competitive advantage of the firm. In fact, it was determined by several scholars (Delios and Beamish, 2001; Fang et al., 2007; Pisano, 1994) that tacit (as well as complex and specific) knowledge brings organizations to better-quality performance if its transfer was successfully accomplished. Also it is the type of knowledge that is considered to bring substantial competitive advantage by several academics (Nonaka, 1991; Grant, 1993; Spender, 1993). Polanyi (1966) wrote that tacit knowledge is non-verbalizable, intuitive and unarticulated. Consequently it is hard to replicate and share. Deeper understanding was brought by Nonaka (1994) and (Sternberg, 1994) who both support the fact that tacit knowledge is context-specific: it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"is a knowledge typically acquired on the job or in the situation where it is usedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Sternberg, 1994, p. 28). Nonaka (1994) as other researchers also wrote that tacit knowledge is personal (Sanchez 1997), difficult to articulate, and highly linked with action (Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995). Therefore, on the one hand tacit knowledge is very difficult to transfer but on the other hand this same characteristic makes it being a critical and strategic resource of the firm and its competitive advantage, because competitors can hardly replicate it (Grant,1993; Sobal and Lei, 1994). 3/ Models: How to transmit knowledge Before getting to discussion in which the transfer of knowledge involves strategic alliances, it is useful to look at the process itself. Several models attempt to explain the basics of knowledge transfer. Some of them identify key elements that play a role this process, other present stages and steps, finally some conditions are also acknowledged. In order to understand how knowledge is transferred it is possible to first look at the definitions in cognitive psychology. At the individual level, the transfer was defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“how knowledge acquired in one situation applies (or fails to apply) to anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? by Singley and Anderson (1989). The transfer of knowledge in the organizational context also involves transfer at the individual level because the evolution of knowledge merely occurs when individuals express the will to share their experiences and insights with others (Davenport and Prusak, 1998; Kim and Mauborgne, 1998). This movement of knowledge through various levels of organization from individual, through group, up to organizational was identified by Nonaka (1994) as the concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“spiral of knowledge creationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The same process as on individual level occurs also at other levels such as group, department, divisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Here the transfer of knowledge is the process in which knowledge and experience of one unit (company, group or department) affects another. Szulanski (2000, p.10) supports this vision: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Knowledge transfer is seen as a process in which an organization recreates and maintains a complex, causally ambiguous set of routines (i.e. knowledge and expe riences) in a new setting (i.e. another company, department, divisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Knowledge transfer can be regarded as process which is composed of basic elements. Szulanski (2000) identified them as: source, channel, message, recipient, and context. Obviously, source is the unit from which the message (knowledge) will flow to the recipient by the channel and the whole process will be considered in a particular organizational context which can be fertile (facilitates knowledge transfer) or barren (problems occur with transfer). In the same research he explained several stages of the process of knowledge transfer. The process usually starts by the initiation. Then comes the implementation phase divided into several stages: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the initial implementation effort, the ramp-up to satisfactory performance, and subsequent follow-through and evaluation efforts to integrate the practice with other practices of the recipientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Szulanski 2000, p.12) Furthermore, Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Dell and Grayson (1998) elaborated six steps in the knowledge transfer. Primary the identification of important knowledge is necessary. From this point on it is essential to collect the knowledge systematically and then organize the knowledge. When knowledge has been organized it can be shared (transferred), but before the final stage of usage of knowledge to solve problems, it has to be adapted. A number of conditions of knowledge transfer were presented by Grant and Baden-Fuller (2000). There are three main conditions of knowledge transfer. Firstly, the transmitterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s knowledge must be capable of being expressed in a communicable form. It is effortlessly done with explicit knowledge, however tacit knowledge has to be made explicit with the help of an expert system or be shared trough à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"process of observation and imitationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (p.122). What is more, transferred knowledge must be understandable to the source and the recipient. Therefore both have to use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“common knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which can be expressed in terms of the same language, information technology skills and culture. Finally, the new knowledge transferred from the source to recipient must be capable of aggregation which means that it would be possible to add to already existing knowledge. 4/What factors can influence the transfer of knowledge (positive and negative) Several features may play a substantial role in the process of knowledge transfer. When looking at the literature the most obvious in terms of determinants of knowledge transfer, might be the type of knowledge that is transferred. Explicit knowledge is easy to codify and to transfer. Conversely, a large number of studies, like Grant (1996), report the negative influence of knowledge tacitness on its transfer. In general it is considered that tacit knowledge is very difficult to share because of the complexity of its codification (Reed and DeFillippi, 1990) and organizational embeddedness (Kogut and Zander 1992) and that it contributes to creating ambiguity which can most of the times create barriers to the process of transfer. Simonin (1999, 2004) proposed a model in which knowledge tacitness indirectly influences knowledge transfer through ambiguity; it nevertheless specifies the importance of knowledge tacitness as critical factor which makes knowledge transfer difficult. Academics like Grant (1996), Reed and DeFillippi (1990) and Zander and Kogut (1995) raise the issue of complexity of knowledge. Complexity may appear for example when different kinds of skills and wide range of knowledge (individual, team-based experiences, technologies) have to be shared. The more complex the knowledge, the more difficult it is to share. Reed and DeFillippi (1990) also considered the influence of the specificity on knowledge transfer. The term refers to knowledge which is related only to certain kind of transaction relations. Williamson (1999) defined specificity as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the ease with which an asset can be redeployed to alternative uses and by alternative users without loss of productive value.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ From these studies it is now clear that tacitness, complexity and specificity impedes to knowledge transfer by creating ambiguity. According to Simonin (1999) tacitness has the greatest influence in this relationship, followed by specificity, which is much less significant and finally complexity. It seems that culture and willingness to share, elements often cited as factors that can influence knowledge transfer, are interrelated. Willingness to share is one of the key determinants of knowledge transfer; this means that one must be willing to share and the other one to receive. It is not always easy to let go from knowledge. As Bernstein (2000) suggests that willingness to share is influenced by identity because an individual might have a psychological ownership over the knowledge he possesses. Furthermore, Alavi and Leidner (1999) made a good remark about the fact that it will be difficult for organizations to share knowledge and integrate knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"based systems without primary having the information sharing culture (i.e. valuing information sharing). Davenport (1997) describes this as open versus closed culture. Very similar to the concept of willingness to share, Szulanski (1996, p.12) argued that lack of motivation also has to be considered as one of the barriers to the process of knowledge transfer because it may à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"result in procrastination, passivity, feigned acceptance, sabotage, or outright rejection in the implementation and use of new knowledge.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Szulanski (1996) also noticed another barrier of knowledge transfer. Absorptive capacity is one of the very well known elements that influence the transfer of knowledge. It is the ability to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"exploit outside sources of knowledgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Cohen Levinthal, 1990, p. 128) and integrate it by replacing old practices by new ones, which is not always effortless (Glaser, Abelson, Garrison, 1983). Chapter 3: Particularities of strategic alliances shaping the process of knowledge transfer Combining resources is the logical response to the harshness of nowadays competition. Other factors as the increase in customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectations and the less strict regulatory barriers also led companies to form alliances (Gomes-Casseres 1994; Harrigan 1988; Kogut 1988; Nielsen 1988). Reid, Bussiere, Greenaway 2001 (alliance formation issues) Moreover, scholars have identified several key reasons for firms to form alliances. Among these usually appears risk mitigation, economies of scale/scope, entries to new markets (Inkpen 2000; Hennart, 1988; Kogut, 1988), and facilitated flows of technology-based capabilities (Mowery et al. 1996; Kogut, 1988; Cohen and Levinthal, 1990; Hamel, 1991) + (Mariti and Smiley, 1983; Hamel et al., 1989; Shan, 1990; Powell and Brantley, 1992; Mody, 1993; Khanna, 1996) Mowery 1996. However these are not the only possibilities alliances are able to provide. Alliances can be considered as one of the means for knowledge gaining and sharing, besides mergers and acquisitions. According to Inkpen (2000) there exist several possibilities for companies to transfer and gain knowledge: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“internalization within the firm, market contracts, and relational contractsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. He considers individual strategic alliances as relational contracts that permit knowledge acquisition and transfer, suitable in the context where knowledge is complex and hard to codify, whereas market based transfers are considered to be more efficient for product related (embodied) knowledge. Number of other researchers also supported the fact that alliances permit firms to share knowledge and ultimately to learn from the partners (Grant, 1996; Hamel, 1991; Khanna et al., 1998; Kogut, 1998). Inkpen (2000, p.1019) wrote: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Through the shared execution of the alliance task, mutual interdependence and problem solving, and observation of alliance activities and outcomes, firms can learn from their partners.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 1/ Definition strategic alliance In the literature it is possible to find several key characteristics of an alliance. An alliance is usually created between two or more firms that cooperate together in order to achieve some strategic objective, create value that they would not be able to achieve on their own (Borys and Jemison, 1989) and pursue a set of goals (Harrigan 1988; Yoshino and Rangan 1995). Partners are complementary and contribute with their resources and capabilities (Teece, 1992); they are involved in a range of interdependent activities (Contractor and Lorange 19882002) and share benefits and risks of the alliance. Dussauge et al. (2000, p.99) described an alliance between two Knowledge Based Enterprises as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"an arrangement between two or more independent companies that choose to carry out a project or operate in a specific business area by co-coordinating the necessary skills and resources jointly rather than either operating alone or merging their operationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Some academics consider alliances to be arrangements in which firms establish exchange relationship without joint ownership being considered as a form of alliance (Dickson Weaver, 1997); others consider equity alliances such as joint ventures, also be a form of alliance (Mowery et al. 1996). In this research all possible forms of alliances are considered: a non-equity alliance (co-operation without creation of new organization or exchange of equity); an equity alliance (unilateral or bilateral equity holding among partners without creation of the a new firm); a joint venture (new firm is created, involving joint resources, where partners share ownership and control) Reid, Bussiere, Greenaway 2001 (alliance formation issues) Mowery et al. (1996) have as well identified various types of alliances: equity joint venture, license agreement, cross-licensing and technology sharing, customer-supplier partnership, mixed modes, RD contract, and joint development agreement. 2/ Why strategic alliance can be considered (by certain researchers) the most appropriate form of collaboration for knowledge transfer? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Accordingly, of all approaches to knowledge imitability between a knowledge holder and a knowledge seeker, strategic alliances constitute perhaps the most adequate, but nevertheless challenging vehicle for internalizing the otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Simonin (1999, 595). There are several forms of interorganizational exchange that enable firms to protect valuable resources including mergers and acquisitions, licensing and alliances (Coff, 1997). There are two kinds of knowledge explicit and tacit (Polanyi, 1966), therefore if two firms share knowledge, it will be explicit explicit, explicit tacit or tacit tacit. Licensing can provide a solution for the first two combinations. Yet, it is very hard to gain competitive advantage with explicit knowledge resources, because they might be sold to other companies. By contrast, competitive advantage occurs when tacit knowledge assets are combined, provided their ambiguity, complexity and inimitability (Barney 1991; Dierickx and Cool 1989). This is done through alliances or mergers and acquisitions. Reid, Bussiere, Greenaway 2001 (alliance formation issues) Conventional sale contracts, markets, mergers and acquisitions seem to be less attractive structures for knowledge transfer in comparison with alliances. Coff (1997) found that it is not easy to evaluate the value of knowledge based resources, primary because of their tacitness (Mowery, 1983; Pisano, 1990). Firms that want to acquire new knowledge will have to face uncertainty concerning its characteristics and difficulties to determine its quality and to be certain of the transferability of the knowledge held by another firm. Some researchers raise a concern about the fact that in some cases the firm that will acquire knowledge is not certain to be able to deploy it (Flamholtz and Coff 1994; Haspeslagh and Jemison 1991; Polanyi 1966; Zander and Kogut 1995). In this sense, alliance permits to mitigate risks of bad investments. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"indigestibilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ problem of MA, quite the opposite of alliances, was discussed by several academics (Hennart and Reddy, 1997; Inkpen and Beamish, 1997; Dunning, 1997). Indigestible assets are those who come with valuable assets during the transaction (Nonaka 1994). In fact, for some of these assets (in this case knowledge) the aftermarket may not exist after the acquisition. Within an alliance the company does not have to pay for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"digestionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of non-valuable assets and has access to important knowledge resources held by the partner. Reid, Bussiere, Greenaway 2001 (alliance formation issues) Grant and Baden-Fuller (2004) identified some advantages of alliances related to knowledge like possibility to achieve à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“early-moverà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? advantage and risk spreading. Early-mover advantage signifies recombining knowledge into innovative products in a quickly advancing knowledge environment. More precisely, this means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to quickly identify, access, and integrate across new knowledge combinationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. In this situation strategic alliances enable company to quickly access knowledge necessary for introduction of new products to market. Grant and Baden-Fuller (2004) wrote: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The greater the benefits of early-mover advantage in technologically-dynamic environments, the greater the propensity for firms to establish interfirm collaborative arrangements in order to access new knowledge.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ A risk exists in terms that sometimes a company might be uncertain about the future knowledge requirements and knowledge acquisition and integration takes time, the investments are risky (Grant and Baden-Fuller, 2004): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The greater the uncertainty as to the future knowledge requirements of a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s product range, the greater its propensity to engage in interfirm collaborations as a means of accessing and integrating additional knowledge.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Powell (1987) also noticed that alliance formation diminishes the risk that knowledge will dissipate quickly. 3/ Which characteristics and capabilities of alliance partners can ameliorate the transfer of knowledge? Before considering the transfer of knowledge, it is important to underline, that both partners of an alliance are expected to possess valuable knowledge (Eisenhardt and Schoonhoven 1996). Ahuja (2000) considered such knowledge possession as opportunity for linkage-formation. He also identified three categories of valuable knowledge assets that are: technical capital (capability to create new products, technology and processes), commercial capital (supporting resources) and social capital (useful networks). Throughout the literature it is possible to distinguish some capabilities that are important for proper functioning of the knowledge based alliance: absorptive capacity, combinative capability, experience with alliances, suitable design for knowledge exchange, and choice of alliance structure. In numerous studies, absorptive capacity plays an essential role in the process of knowledge transfer and learning within strategic alliances (Lane and Lubatkin, 1998). Van den Bosch et al. (1999) wrote that it combined the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"evaluation, acquisition integration and commercial utilization of knowledge obtained from sources exogenous to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Absorptive capacity is susceptible to evolve and augment through activity (Barringer and Harrison, 2000) because it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"historical and path dependent in natureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as was defined by Cohen and Levinthal (1990). Grant (1996) recognized that knowledge absorption capability can be influenced by: the degree to which the expert knowledge held by organizational members is utilized; the width of specialized knowledge required from firm members; the degree to which a capability can access additional knowledge and reconfigure existing knowledge. Defined by Kogut and Zander (1992) combinative capability refers to the ability of the parties of an alliance to extend, interpret, apply, current and acquired knowledge with the goal of generating new applications from existing knowledge base. Collaborative know-how affects firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to form a successful partnership and create a solid ground for knowledge transfer. Simonin (1997) refers to it as to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ability to institutionalize organizational routines as a result of previous experiencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Pennings et al. (1994) supports that firms tend to reproduce the behavior from their past experiences. When firms have previous experiences of collaboration within alliance, they acquire knowledge that helps them to effectively design future alliances (Lyles, 1988) and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"develop superior capabilities at managing particular organizational forms such as alliancesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Kale et al., 2002, p. 748). This experience permits avoiding various difficulties (Doz, 1996; Powell et al., 1996). Teece (2000) stressed the importance of the design of the firm to enhance performance and knowledge sharing. He identified distinctive characteristics of design in successful firms. Among these, entrepreneurial orientation and flexibility expressed in rapid responses to ephemeral market opportunities flexible boundaries (outsourcing and alliances). They were also characterized by their non-bureaucratic decision making and rapid internal knowledge sharing owing to the not really strict hierarchies. The choice of alliance structure should be determined considering the perspective of gaining valuable resources (knowledge) from a partner without losing its own (Das and Teng, 2000). Different views exist as to effectiveness of equity joint venture form of alliance for successful knowledge transfer. Several researchers find that this form is the most suitable for the transfer of tacit knowledge and complex capabilities (Kogut, 1988, Mowery et al., 1996). However, Das and Teng (2000) think that this structure is too risky for partnership based on knowledge-based contribution, and that it is more suitable for contributing property-based resources. Inkpen (2002) identifies five categories of antecedents of alliance learning: learning partner characteristics; teaching partner characteristics; knowledge characteristics; relationship factors; and alliance form. Two key characteristics of the learning partner, identified by Nielsen and Nielsen (2009), are important, namely collaborative know-how (same as previous experience of alliances) and knowledge protectiveness (Simonin, 1997, 1999). Protectiveness matches the concept of openness and the degree to which partners are protective of their knowledge. How well do the support the risk of knowledge leakage or spillover (Inkpen, 2000). Chapter 4: potential strategies and behavior that parties of the strategic alliance might adopt to enhance the transfer of knowledge and to cope with difficulties alliances might face Strategic alliances might face a number of difficulties. The first thing that comes out from the numerous literature on strategic alliance and knowledge sharing, is the fear of knowledge spillovers, that are assumed to be inevitable consequence of alliance involvement, despite the efforts companies make in order to protect their valuable knowledge assets (Inkpen, 2000). Therefore, it immediately comes to the issue of trust. In the late 90à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ a discussion was raised about the possibility that some firms use strategic alliance as a Trojan Horse in order to steal knowledge from its partners. This was especially thought about Japanese partners. However empirical studies do not find support for this hypothesis (Hennart et al. 1999; Mowery 1996). The literature elaborates on so called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“learning racesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Khanna et al. 1998) when one partner (acts opportunistically) tries to gain more knowledge in the alliance exchange, than he shares. Hamel (1991, 86) described alliances as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"transitional devices where the primary objective was the internalization of partner skillsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This creates a significant challenge for strategic alliance. To deal with with this issue, norms and systems can be designed; functional rules can be developed to structure partner engagement (QuÃÆ' ©lin, 1997). to be continued. When little trust is involved, this may lead to knowledge protectiveness from one or both of the partners. Nielsen and Nielsen (2009) wrote that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"protectiveness not only may lead to uncertainty and conflict but it also reduces the amount of information exchangedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. They also add, that explicit knowledge protective policies and procedures by one partner, harmfully influence the perception the other partner might have on honest and open cooperation: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"For instance, not revealing relevant information and knowledge may be perceived as unwillingness to devote adequate resources to the allianceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This is in line with Simonin (1999) way of thinking, where knowledge protectiveness is positively related to ambiguity, which in turn impacts negatively on knowledge transfer. Therefore for successful knowledge transfer partners might be willing to cooperate and minimize knowledge protectiveness (Pisano, 1988). Lee et al. (2007) suggest t hat knowledge protectiveness (still necessary if reasonably employed) should be accompanied with building up relational capital (trust, communication and commitment). Therefore one does not have to fear to trust in an alliance. In the contrary, established trust relationship between partners has been shown to bring positive outcomes for transfer of knowledge and learning. Relational capital can be also expressed as social exchanges (social exchanges view). From this view, learning and knowledge transfer in strategic alliances are also positively influenced by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"commitment, trust and mutual influence between partnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Senthil et al., 2005). The results of their study show that reciprocal commitment between partners enhances interfirm learning because moral obligation of partners permits to build mutual commitment. They explain further, that interdependence and joint coordination increase due to the mutual resource commitment. To them trust is built progressively as knowledge, skills and competences are gained through alliance interactions. Trustworthiness, as well as goodwill, is shown to be key factors influencing effective transfer of knowledge in well functioning alliance. To be continued with: Gulati (1996) and others about the obstacles to interfirm knowledge transfer created by distance, cultural differences, and other factors. David C. Mowery, Joanne E. Oxley, Brian S. Silverman 1996 Strategic Alliances and Interfirm Knowledge Transfer Davenport and Prusak (1998) eight critical success factors for knowledge transfer: effective knowledge measurement, technical architecture, flexible organizational structure, knowledge-friendly culture, clear vision, a performance-based reward system, multi-channel knowledge transfer and senior management support. Gao Riley 2010 others Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations Conclusion Discussion Academic and practical recommendations

Internal Checks And Balance System Essay - 1414 Words

Internal checks and balance system are used to prevent company from mistakes. However, Enron’s internal checks and balances system were fail to prevent its from demise because its external auditors were provide service to help Enron to cover the loopholes, internal accountants were violate accounting rules in several of off-balance sheet and the lawyers did not provide fair reports because of conflict of interest. First, as an external auditor, Andersen was help to conceal the false statements rather than revealed them to ensure a stable accounting system and verify the accuracy of accounting reports. Andersen not only being Enron’s external auditor, but also been working for Enron as internal auditor. Meanwhile, Andersen provided consulting services and joined Enron’s accounting department in senior positions (Nadad 2003a, p.2). Hence, some mistakes, such as generated by senior positions and provided by consulting services, would not be revealed because Andersen would not happy that those mistakes were publically known. Moreover, Andersen was help Enron to cover the untrue statement by using the loopholes of the accounting standards rather than correct them, and therefore, the number of off-balance sheet and the flaws in balance system would be increased. Second, same as auditor, Enron had hired same company which was Vision Elkins to provide inside counsel and outside counsel. Therefore, the errors provided in transactions and errors provided by inside counsel could notShow MoreRelated The U.S. Constitution: Checks Balances Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment remained separate. To ensure that one of these branches did not trump the other branches, the Founders crafted – within the Constitution – a set of checks and balances. 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Management Genius Peter F. Drucker Free Essays

Management Genius: Peter F. Drucker By Md. Faruk Hossain (Faruk) Dear reader, there are many kinds of writings, many kinds of posts, that depict different kinds of tips, suggestions, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Genius Peter F. Drucker or any similar topic only for you Order Now But I will try here to post something different, because there are really something differences to write. Actually sometimes there exist lots of geniuses in our invisibility, but we don’t know well about them though we did hear a little or knew the names of them. Today I will write about one of the best Management Genii of all time, who is Peter F. Drucker! It might keep you all in a feeling that I am trying to make you all to read management books, but Good News is that, it is not. It will be tried here to make you know because we really should know about Drucker! And if you don’t believe that, then the proof will undoubtly knock you at the end of reading this post. Anyway, is this the time to start now? Well we can move on! I am not actually writing Drucker’s born city, time, parents name, etc. I just would like to write why he is important for us, especially for business background students, because that should create more appeal. Drucker is actually much popular for his renowned book â€Å"The Practice of Management† (1954), though the world first looked at him through his â€Å"The End of Economic Man† (1939) book. The Practice of Management created some different expressions because he really put some different things there. This is a lively and forceful book. It proclaims that the manager is the dynamic, life-giving element in every business. It emphasizes the fact that management is Performance, it is Practice. In 1943 General Motors (GM) Corporation invited him to study its top management policies and organization structure. The result of this study was his book, Concept of the Corporation (1946), which turned out to be a landmark in management studies. The real subject matter of this book is social and political problems of industrial society. Drucker’s achievements are due to his extraordinary self-discipline. His time management is superb. His energy is boundless. He has the genius to concentrate and he unflinchingly adheres to his ideals and objectives. In a sense he has been practicing management by objectives (MBO) and self-control throughout his life. He is no doubt endowed with unusual gifts, which he has cultivated to great advantage. He is also a great accomplished time manager. He works in three capacities, as consultant, professor and author. He has reserve about 100 days for consultancy and speaking work. He has no office staff! Isn? t it amazing? It is remarkable how he handles all his work by himself. He is ruthless as far as time wasters are concerned. He responds to most of his mail. Drucker takes his work seriously and expects others to do likewise. Once when he found that one of his clients, a very big fir, had not done their homework properly, he walked out of the meeting! Drucker is immensely interested in teaching and teachers. Teacher Watching? has been his major hobby over a number of years. He also worked as consultant for scores of firms throughout the world and „consulting is my laboratory? , he says. This is the source of his astonishing knowledge of the working of organizations, their technologies, their methods of management and their markets. He reads very little about management itself . He has developed his own approach to consultancy work. Now this is the time to ask question about â€Å"Why Study Drucker? † One great thing is, He raises simple questions which have profound practical implications. For instance, he once asked the chairman of a well-known firm manufacturing glass bottles, „What us your business The chairman was surprised at this elementary question. He said, „We are obviously in the business of manufacturing glass bottles.? Drucker said, „No, this is not correct. You are in the packaging business.? The reason being that glass can be replaced by plastic, tin or cardboard, but the basic purpose is packaging. These few words of Drucker made all the difference as the firm turned over to other types of packaging and benefited greatly by it. Drucker has developed the art of raising such practical questions and providing practical guidelines for their solution. His suggestions are not ad hoc solutions based on guess work. They are based on wise experience, rigorous analysis, penetrating insight and unerring sense of practicability. To understand Drucker is to know the essentials of management. For this reason, F. C. Dyer once said about Drucker, â€Å"Whenever I pick up the writings of Drucker, I feel that I am in the presence of genius. † This is all about today? s writing. If it could make the readers happier and with useful, then again Drucker might come back here along with his lots of indispensable works, or with the similar post. At the End, we can finish our reading by simply brainstorming and looking at â€Å"What we can learn from Drucker? †: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Self-Discipline Strong Time Management Asking simple question to get flawless ourselves Self-Confident Accustomed to working alone with self-reliance Serious with work, what is relied upon Thinking more Thank you all and it is really grateful for showing your perseverance to read the whole article. Md. Faruk Hossain farukbd@gmail. com ———————- How to cite Management Genius Peter F. Drucker, Papers

Kierkegaard And Wittgenstein Essays - Philosophy, Philosophy Of Life

Kierkegaard And Wittgenstein The connections between Ludwig Wittgenstein and Soren Kierkegaard as philosophers are not at all immediately obvious. On the surface, Wittgenstein deals with matters concerning the incorrect use of philosophical language and Kierkegaard focuses almost exclusively on answering the question how to become a Christian. But this account belies deeper structural similarities between these mens important works. Thus, this paper suggests that their methods, rather than exclusively content, contain a strong parallel on which a natural and hopefully fruitful examination of their work can be based. I claim that on at least four counts, Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein present clearly analogous form: indirect communication; examination of the limit of thought as applied to their respective spheres of inquiry; and the relationship to nonsense or the absurd. I claim that a careful study of these categories with respect to the philosophers major works will reveal sufficient similarity to have warranted our inquiry: hence a clear understanding of one philosophy should help to explain the others. I will assume a reader has only cursory familiarity with Kierkegaards ideas for the purposes this paper. To begin, a brief outline of Kierkegaards background and philosophy is germane. He was a Danish philosopher, literary figure, and ardent Christian living in the 19th century. As was mentioned above, his self-proclaimed intent was to examine what it means to be a Christian and how precisely to become one. Hence all of Kierkegaards works (Either/Or; A Sickness Unto Death; Concluding Unscientific Postscript; Fear and Trembling being among the most notable) have a decidedly religious flavor to them. For his adamant insistence on subjectivity rather than objectivity (in reaction to Hegel) when dealing with questions of personal importance, he has been labeled the father of modern existentialism. Kierkegaards works are not straightforward proclamations of his philosophy: he wrote under pseudonyms and assumed the persona of these fictional characters in his writing. Thus, one must be careful when attributing a particular position to Kierkegaard often the view is advanced by a pseudonym, so various inferential processes must be applied in order to substantiate a claim that Kierkegaard really meant any statement. Foremost among the structural similarities between Kierkegaard and Wittgenstein works is the use of indirect communication: as paradoxical as it may sound, both authors deliberately obfuscate their philosophy for the purposes of clarifying it. Clarification of the preceding assertion is obviously required. Each author felt that, due to inherent properties of their subject matter, outright delineation of their conclusions would somehow be a self-contradiction. Clearly their respective subject matter, the logical structure of language and the task of becoming a Christian, is inherently disparate. But let us examine more closely particular instances of indirect communication from both of the philosophers with the intention of finding similarity. By indirection, find direction out. Polonius, (Hamlet: II, i, 72) Soren Kierkegaard The use of pseudonyms: The purpose of pseudonyms was to present a viewpoint which the reader was initially to sympathize with. As the work developed, further assertions by this persona were to be found objectionable by the reader. The initially sympathized viewpoint would now be seen to be flawed and therefore have been rejected. Thus the reader was to have reached through self-reflection a conclusion that would not have been internalized if it had been simply communicated directly. Kierkegaard was writing for self-proclaimed Christians whom he believed were not truly faithful. Any clear suggested improvement in behavior would have been regarded by the reader as not applying to him or herself. Pseudonyms qua indirect communication helped readers to achieve personal understanding, rather than merely intellectual apprehension of an idea without application. Stories: Many portions of Kierkegaards work contain fictional narratives to help illustrate or illuminate some of his points. As is explained in his book, The Point of View for My Work as an Author, Kierkegaard takes advantage of the engaging quality of fiction to prevent the reader from disinterestedly analyzing his points, and to focus on how the reader feels personally about his ideas contained within the story. As indirect communication, story uses concrete instantiations of ideas rather than presenting an objectified, analytic theory to pick through and not relate to oneself. Heavy irony: An element of all forms of Kierkegaards writing include stating assertions